Ageing, chronic disease and injury: a study in western Victoria (Australia)

M. Amber Sajjad1

Kara L. Holloway1

Mark A. Kotowicz1-3

Patricia M. Livingston1

Mustafa Khasraw14

Sharon Hakkennes3

Trisha L. Dunning1

Susan Brumby15

Richard S. Page13

Daryl Pedler1

Alasdair Sutherland16

Svetha Venkatesh1

Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen17

Lana J. Williams1

Julie A. Pasco1-3

[1] Deakin University, Geelong

[2] University of Melbourne, St Albans

[3] University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong

[4] University of Sydney

[5] National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, Hamilton

[6] South West Healthcare, Warrnambool

[7] Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia

Correspondence to: Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281 (Barwon Health), Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. +61.3.42153331. +61.3.42153491. [email protected]

[a] Contributions: JAP conceived the study and MAS drafted the manuscript. All authors were involved in the study design and contributed to the interpretation of the background data; all authors provided critical appraisal of the manuscript for important intellectual content; and all authors approved the final manuscript.

[b] Conflict of interest: the authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

Abstract

Background: An increasing burden of chronic disease and associated health service delivery is expected due to the ageing Australian population. Injuries also affect health and wellbeing and have a long-term impact on health service utilisation. There is a lack of comprehensive data on disease and injury in rural and regional areas of Australia. The aim of the Ageing, Chronic Disease and Injury study is to compile data from various sources to better describe the patterns of chronic disease and injury across western Victoria.

Design: Ecological study.

Methods: Information on demographics, socioeconomic indicators and lifestyle factors are obtained from health surveys and government departments. Data concerning chronic diseases and injuries will be sourced from various registers, health and emergency services, local community health centres and administrative databases and compiled to generate profiles for the study region and for sub-populations within the region.

Expected impact for public health: This information is vital to establish current and projected population needs to inform policy and improve targeted health services delivery, care transition needs and infrastructure development. This study provides a model that can be replicated in other geographical settings.

Significance for public health

The pattern of chronic disease and injury and its relationship with age, sex and location has not been described for the region. This study will collect new data and collate existing databases to provide a comprehensive snapshot of the health and safety across western Victoria, Australia. Baseline data collected in the project will be used to forecast disease burden into the future, based on Australian Bureau of Statistics models. In order to determine gaps in service delivery, plan future interventions including prevention strategies, and evaluate their effectiveness, it is essential to have a contemporary evidence base and processes in place for monitoring on-going change. The profiles will provide important information for targeting appropriate allocation of resources and care transition needs, and to deal with burden of disease and injury. This study establishes a profiling model that can be replicated in other geographical regions, and will be particularly useful in non-metropolitan settings.

©Copyright M.A: Sajjad et al.

Copyright: 2016, Licensee PAGEPress, Italy

License (open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Keyword: Ageing, chronic disease, health service delivery, injury

Date received: 18 January 2016

Date accepted: 12 April 2016

Publication date (electronic): 19 August 2016

Publication date (collection): 19 August 2016

DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2016.678

Funding: the study is funded by the Western Alliance Academic Health Science Centre, a partnership for research collaboration between Deakin University, Federation University and 13 health service providers operating across western Victoria. MAS is supported by an IMPACT Strategic Research Centre (Deakin University) stipend; KLH is supported by an Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Fellowship, SLB-O and LJW are supported by NHMRC Career Development Fellowships.

Introduction

Australia is facing a rapidly ageing population and with this, the burden of chronic disease is increasing.1 The current fertility, life expectancy and migration trends are expected to continue over the coming decades and will have implications for delivery of health services. It is projected that one quarter of Australians will be aged 65 years and over by 2044-45, almost double the present proportion.2 An increase in the proportion of government health spending is projected from 5.7% of the Gross Domestic Product in 2002-03, rising to around 10.3% in 2044-45.2 The expected growth in regional and rural populations will further contribute to an increased need for health services in these areas.3 Injuries also impact on health and wellbeing and can exacerbate chronic health problems resulting in long-term health service use.4 In order to inform policy and adequately plan improved delivery of health services, it is vital to establish the health service needs of the population. Such information could assist in developing innovative models of care to address the health service needs of an ageing population as well as reducing the demand by implementing effective preventative strategies.

Inequalities in rural and regional health service delivery are evident, not just in Australia5 but also in other countries across the world.6-8 While health statistics can be abstracted from large-scale state and national surveys, locally-generated evidence is better poised to characterise small area differences. Our data will relate to a range of chronic diseases and injuries, some of which are peculiar to regional, remote and farming communities. The needs of such sub-populations are rarely addressed in broader surveys. The Ageing, Chronic Disease and Injury (ACDI) study was launched in 2015 to address this need.

Aim

The ACDI study aims to provide a comprehensive snapshot of the health and wellbeing of older adults living in western Victoria. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methods that will be utilised for the study and discuss key demographic features of the study population. Specific aims of the study are to: i) describe the extent of chronic disease and injury in the region; ii) highlight age-, sex- and location-related variations in the patterns of chronic disease and injury throughout the region; iii) document associations between socioeconomic status, location remoteness and accessibility, lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, obesity and the burden of chronic disease and injury.

Where is the study region located?

Victoria is the second most populous state of the eight Australian states and territories (Figure 1).9 There are 79 discrete geographical regions or Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Victoria.10 The study region includes 21 of the 79 Victorian LGAs and represents nearly one-third of the state by area (Figure 1). Based on the 2011 Census of Population and Housing, the 2013 Estimated Resident Population (ERP) of the study region is 617,794.11 Greater Geelong (ERP=221,515), Ballarat (ERP=98,684) and Warrnambool (ERP=33,300) are the three most populous LGAs in the region (Table 1).1,12-14

What is already known about the study region?

Life expectancy

According to the most recent figures, life expectancy at birth for men in the region ranges from 75.7 years in Northern Grampians to 81.2 years in Surf Coast.12 Life expectancy is 80.3 for all Victorian men12 and 79.3 for all Australian men.15 For women, life expectancy at birth ranges between 82.0 years in Hepburn to 86.3 years for Surf Coast.12 Life expectancy is 84.4 years for all Victorian women12 and 83.9 years for all Australian women.15

Accessibility and remoteness

The LGAs in the region range from highly accessible to moderately accessible based on Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) classification (Table 1). ARIA scores are generated by taking into account distance from localities to different town categories, access to goods and services and opportunities for social interaction.16 Scores are grouped into five categories ranging from highly accessible (ARIA score 0.00-1.84), accessible (ARIA score >1.84-3.51), moderately accessible (ARIA score >3.51-5.80), remote (ARIA score >5.80-9.08) and very remote (ARIA score >9.08-12.00). Three LGAs in the region are classified as moderately accessible and the remaining are either highly accessible or accessible; there are no LGAs in the remote or very remote categories.17 The study region covers highly productive agricultural areas in the southwest for dairying and grazing to larger acreages suited to broad acre farming in the west and north western regions. The majority of these farms remain family owned and operated.13

Socioeconomic status

The study region has a wide range of socioeconomic status shown by Index for Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) scores (Table 1). Scores lower than 1000 indicate relatively lower socioeconomic advantage and higher disadvantage. The LGAs falling in the lowest 10% are given a decile number of 1 (most disadvantaged) and those in the highest 10% are given a decile number of 10 (most advantaged).18 Central Goldfields has the lowest IRSAD score in the entire state of Victoria. Surf Coast has the highest IRSAD score (decile 10) in the region and ranks seventh out of 79 LGAs in Victoria.

Access to health services

Health services in the study region include a mix of public and private providers. The major bulk of trauma services in the region are provided through 24-hour Emergency Departments located in the cities of Geelong, Ballarat, Warrnambool, Horsham and Hamilton.14 In addition, there are rural trauma centres and hospitals (including Bush Nursing Hospitals) in the study region providing primary care and referral services.19 The LGA of Queenscliffe has the highest number of General Practitioners per 1000 population whereas West Wimmera has the lowest (2.9 versus 0.3) (Table 1). The proportion of adults having private health insurance is highest in Surf Coast (54.0%) and lowest in Central Goldfields (28.9%). The LGAs of Hindmarsh and Queenscliffe have the highest hospital inpatient separations in the region (694.3 per 1000 and 651.4 per 1000), whereas Surf Coast has the lowest (338.7 per 1000).20

Lifestyle factors and obesity levels

Information on self-reported prevalence of current smoking, risk of alcohol-related harm, obesity and physical inactivity corresponds to data from the Victorian Population Health Survey (VPHS) 2011-2012.21 The VPHS is a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview of individuals aged 18 years and over residing in private dwellings. For 2011-2012, data were based on a sample of 33,673 with a response of 66.8%. Detailed information on lifestyle factor definitions and methods utilised by the VPHS is described in the survey report.21 Table 2 summarises findings relevant to the study region some of which are discussed here.

Smoking status: adults living in Pyrenees reported the highest prevalence of current smoking in the region (23.2%) and those living in Horsham reported the lowest (11.1%). The prevalence at the state level was 15.7%. Prevalence of current smoking in men was also the highest in Pyrenees (26.7%) as compared to the Victorian estimate of 18.5%. The highest prevalence of current smoking in women was reported in Yarriambiack (23.2%) as compared to the Victorian estimate of 12.9%. LGAs with the lowest reported prevalence of current smoking in men and women were Warrnambool (11.5%) and Horsham (5.9%) respectively. Physical activity: adults living in Hepburn reported the highest prevalence of insufficient physical activity/sedentary lifestyle in the study region, 38.3% as compared to 32.1% in Victoria. LGAs with a high prevalence of sufficient physical activity were Queenscliffe (78.3%), Moyne (72.4%), Yarriambiack (71.3%) and Southern Grampians (71.2%). The measure was 63.9% at state level.

Obesity: a higher proportion of adults living in Yarriambiack (30.9%), Central Goldfields (25.5%), and West Wimmera (24.3%) reported being obese as compared to the state estimate of 17.3%. The LGA with the lowest prevalence of self-reported obesity in the study region was Queenscliffe (9.1%).

Risky/high risk alcohol intake: overall, a higher proportion of men reported risky/high risk alcohol consumption as compared to women in each of the LGAs in the study region as well as the state. Queenscliffe reported the highest proportion of adults (60.1%) consuming alcohol at risky/high-risk level for short-term harm. The prevalence at the state level was 45.3%.

Design and methods

The study population

The ACDI study is population-based, ecological in design and focuses on the population aged 40 years or older residing in western Victoria; this grouping makes up nearly 51% (~316,000) of the total population in the study region.11 There is a general pattern of an increasing proportion of population aged 40 years or older in the western parts of the region with some exceptions (Figure 1). The LGAs with the highest proportion of those over 40 years of age are Queenscliffe (67.0%), Pyrenees (62.9%), Yarriambiack (61.9%), West Wimmera (60.9%), Central Goldfields (60.7%), and Hindmarsh (60.5%).

Data sources for the ageing, chronic disease and injury study

We will source data on chronic disease and injury incidence, prevalence and mortality from existing local, national and state registries and databases. Prevalence data will be presented as aggregate summary statistics for disease and injury according to age, sex, year and location. Registries to be accessed include, but are not limited to: i) the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR), a population-based cancer registry that provides comprehensive information for cancer control.9 Notifications about cancer diagnoses are provided to the VCR by hospitals, pathology laboratories and cancer screening registers; ii) the National Diabetes Services Scheme, established in 1987, is administered by Diabetes Australia to provide access to diabetes-related products at subsidised rates as well as other support services. Registration is voluntary and free of charge for Australians with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus with the number of registrants growing to over 1 million since its inception;22 iii) the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED) records details of inpatient admissions to all (i.e. both Public and Private) Victorian hospitals.23 The Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD) is another state wide register that maintains records of Emergency Department presentations.24 In addition to VAED and VEMD, separations data from individual hospitals located within the study region will also be abstracted; iv) Medicare Australia provides access to health services for Australian residents and certain categories of visitors to Australia. It covers free or subsidised treatment by health professionals under the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and access to medicines under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).25 MBS and PBS data will be accessed for providing patterns of health service utilisation in terms of MBS claims and prescription dispensing; v) the Australia Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry, established in 1999, receives data from all hospitals undertaking joint replacement procedures and will be accessed for the information within the region;26 vi) the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry collects and records incidence, prevalence and outcome data for patients with end stage kidney failure. Dialysis and kidney transplant units in Australia and New Zealand also contribute to this registry;27 vii) Community Rehabilitation Centres are located throughout the region and will provide vocational rehabilitation data that will complement data sourced from hospital attendances and through Medicare.

Ethics approval

The study has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at Barwon Health (project 15/11).

Discussion

The ACDI study is the first of its kind to provide a comprehensive account of the burden of disease and injury in western Victoria. A major strength of the study is its inclusion of a large geographic study population with varying degrees of remoteness. The importance of this aspect of the study relates to reported regional differences in the level of engagement with the health system by Australian residents.5 While the numbers of public hospital separations are found to increase with the remoteness of the patients’ place of residence, the instances of contact with general practitioners and specialists are relatively low for residents from regional and remote locations compared with those from urban areas.5 There is thus a clear need to address this imbalance and encourage greater availability and usage of primary health care in rural, regional and remote communities to avert potentially preventable hospital admissions. Our study region includes geographical areas from the most socioeconomically disadvantaged to some of the most advantaged in the state. This wide variation in demographic and socioeconomic indicators provides an opportunity to investigate their associations with disease burden and outcomes. Health inequities relating to socioeconomic position in Australia are exemplified by the greater mortality rates associated with chronic conditions such as stroke, coronary heart disease and respiratory illnesses among socially disadvantaged groups.28 Availability of quality datasets, mandatory reporting for certain diseases (particularly cancers) and periodically administered national and state level health surveys will enable estimation of chronic disease and injury burden not only for our entire study region but also for different sub-populations. This study provides a framework for identifying sub-populations that would benefit from targeted interventions for disease prevention, access to health services and care transition needs to address health inequities in people who are financially or otherwise disadvantaged.29 By collating data from existing health and administrative databases and emergency service records in combination with reported statistics for socio-demographic indicators and lifestyle factors, we will develop an informative summary of the health and wellbeing of the older populations in western Victoria. The aggregate data will be presented for the whole region and for sub-populations stratified by age, sex and location. While this study draws on a network of data pertinent to our study region, the methods described here provides a framework that can be replicated to develop detailed profiles for other clearly-defined geographical regions, particularly in non-metropolitan settings. These profiles will provide useful information for predicting future health service needs and identifying gaps in service delivery. In Australia, due to universal access to free or subsidised public health services through Medicare, a comprehensive record of health service usage is maintained.30 Accessing Medicare data will enable us to understand patterns of health service utilisation by the study population in terms of consultations with health care providers and having prescriptions filled. Ecological studies, however, are subject to various limitations and biases.31 As data are analysed at a population level rather than an individual level, inferring individual associations can be erroneous; a phenomenon referred to as ecological fallacy. For example, using a single median IRSAD score for an entire LGA is based on the assumption that all residents have the same level of socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage. Populations may be socioeconomically heterogeneous especially in the more densely populated LGAs. Furthermore, it is likely that the actual number of persons with chronic disease will be higher than what is being captured by a collation of disease-specific databases, for example the National Diabetes Services Scheme. Last, even though only de-identified aggregate data will be used, registers generally do not release data for low prevalence disorders to ensure confidentiality. This could lead to an underestimation of disease burden in areas where disease numbers are low. Within these constraints, this study aims to determine the burden of chronic disease and injury in western Victoria and provide direction for future longitudinal and data linkage studies.

Conclusions

The ACDI study provides a model for utilising routinely collected data for determining the burden of chronic disease and injury, which can be replicated in other geographical regions.

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Figure 1.

Location of the Ageing, Chronic Disease and Injury study region. Local Government Areas included in the study are shaded according to the percentage of individuals aged 40 years and over. Data for graphic were obtained from the Department of Health and Human Services, State Government of Victoria, Australia.21

Table 1.

Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the study region. Data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.1,12-14

Local Government Area ERP 2013 (M) ERP 2013 (F) (% ERP 2013 total of study region) Median age, years IRSAD score, median IRSAD decile ARIA score, median ARIA category GPs per 10,000 pop. % PHI
Ararat 5791 5416 11,207 (1.8) 45 938 2 1.8 Accessible 1.1 36.3
Ballarat 48,086 50,598 98,684 (15.9) 37 969 4 0.5 Highly accessible 1.2 38.7
Central Goldfields 6280 6322 12,602 (2.0) 48 888 1 1.3 Highly accessible 0.9 28.9
Colac-Otway 10,437 10,257 20,694 (3.3) 42 946 3 1.8 Highly accessible 1.1 36.6
Corangamite 8266 7871 16,137 (2.6) 43 970 5 2.0 Accessible 1.1 42.0
Glenelg 9940 9581 19,521 (3.1) 43 943 3 2.9 Accessible 1.2 33.9
Golden Plains 10,354 9797 20,151 (3.2) 39 1011 8 1.0 Highly accessible 0.5 45.0
Greater Geelong 109,221 112,294 221,515 (35.8) 39 980 5 0.5 Highly accessible 1.3 46.0
Hepburn 7253 7590 14,843 (2.4) 46 967 4 1.1 Highly accessible 1.6 35.7
Hindmarsh 2870 2825 5695 (0.9) 47 929 1 4.4 Moderately accessible 1.4 32.2
Horsham 9747 9940 19,687 (3.1) 40 971 5 3.2 Accessible 0.6 38.1
Moorabool 15,222 15,098 30,320 (4.9) 39 995 7 0.8 Highly accessible 0.7 42.5
Moyne 8126 8151 16,277 (2.6) 41 1005 7 1.9 Accessible 0.6 46.3
Northern Grampians 5984 5815 11,799 (1.9) 45 926 1 2.5 Accessible 1.0 33.8
Pyrenees 3359 3411 6770 (1.0) 47 930 1 1.5 Highly accessible 0.7 33.2
Queenscliffe 1430 1628 3058 (0.4) 55 1047 9 0.7 Highly accessible 2.9 51.6
Southern Grampians 7940 8205 16,145 (2.6) 44 978 5 2.7 Accessible 1.1 41.3
Surf Coast 14,233 14,049 28,282 (4.5) 40 1060 10 1.1 Highly accessible 1.2 54.0
Warrnambool 16,364 16,936 33,300 (5.3) 38 970 4 1.4 Highly accessible 1.6 36.0
West Wimmera 2077 2012 4089 (0.6) 46 977 5 4.1 Moderately accessible 0.3 36.2
Yarriambiack 3572 3446 7018 (1.1) 48 943 2 3.9 Moderately accessible 0.7 32.4
Study Region 306,552 311,242 617,794

[i] ERP, Estimated Resident Population; IRSAD, Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage; ARIA, Accessibility; GPs, General Practitioners, PHI, Private Health Insurance.

Table 2.

Prevalence of lifestyle risk factors in the study region.

Local Government Area Current smoker* Sedentary or insufficient physical activity° Mostly sitting occupation Obese# Risky/high risk alcohol user(short-term risk of harm)§
Male Female Person Person Person Male Female Person Male Female Person
Ararat 16.1 16.0 16.8 30.0 32.2 20.8 19.9 20.9 59.7 45.4 52.4
Ballarat 21.9 9.6 15.6 30.3 43.5 19.6 18.0 18.8 60.6 43.6 1.6
Central Goldfields 21.5 9.0 15.1 30.2 26.8 28.1 1.8 25.5 59.8 29.0 44.5
Colac-Otway 19.7 11.9 15.8 31.9 22.6 13.8 18.8 16.2 66.1 46.9 56.2
Corangamite 16.6 19.3 17.5 24.1 24.8 26.9 14.5 20.4 60.5 41.6 50.5
Glenelg 21.2 20.3 19.9 29.9 34.1 23.6 19.2 21.7 65.3 38.8 52.9
Golden Plains 17.3 9.2 13.4 26.5 40.2 15.7 17.2 16.2 55.6 45.4 50.9
Greater Geelong 25.1 14.8 20.8 28.3 41.2 17.2 22.0 19.4 61.4 44.7 52.4
Hepburn 15.2 12.8 14.4 38.3 43.7 12.8 19.7 16.6 58.0 43.8 49.9
Hindmarsh 22.1 17.3 19.8 30.4 24.9 19.9 3.7 22.0 68.7 36.3 53.0
Horsham 16.6 5.90 11.1 31.8 28.2 15.9 27.5 21.4 49.3 33.4 41.3
Moorabool 15.6 12.0 13.9 34.8 45.8 21.1 21.0 20.7 55.9 38.6 47.4
Moyne 23.4 10.5 16.7 22.8 25.4 20.1 18.0 18.7 68.6 43.0 53.7
Northern Grampians 13.1 15.7 14.3 36.3 33.8 20.4 20.9 20.6 54.9 27.0 54.9
Pyrenees 26.7 21.1 23.2 23.6 20.1 22.7 19.5 21.4 65.5 45.0 55.5
Queenscliffe 24.5 12.1 16.6 20.7 48.5 12.8 5.4 9.10 70.6 50.6 60.1
Southern Grampians 11.8 12.8 12.2 25.6 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.5 68.6 42.5 55.2
Surf Coast 21.4 8.1 14.1 27.8 42.0 11.7 12.9 12.5 70.7 41.3 55.6
Warrnambool 11.5 11.1 11.4 30.7 34.9 16.5 18.3 17.5 54.1 40.6 47.2
West Wimmera 15.1 14.2 14.6 31.3 23.9 17.2 32.1 24.3 67.3 48.2 58.0
Yarriambiack 20.3 23.2 20.9 25.4 24.5 34.2 28.3 30.9 62.1 50.3 55.3
Victoria 18.5 12.9 15.7 32.1 48.1 17.4 17.2 17.3 52.6 38.3 45.3
[i] Data are presented as percentage of population aged 18 years and over and were obtained from the Victorian Population Health Survey 2011-2012.21

[ii] *Adults who reported smoking daily or occasionally.

[iii] °Less than 150 minutes or fewer than five sessions of moderate intensity physical activity per week.

[iv] #Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2.

[v] §Based on the 2001 National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines (consuming >7 standard drinks on any one day for men and five to six standard drinks on any one day for women).