ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease is a global pandemic that has led to radical changes in lifestyle habits, including dietary habits. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to evaluate the effect of quarantine on dietary habits when enforcing a lockdown. Some databases were used, including Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Ten studies conducted between March and May 2020 were included. There is an increase in the number of meals and snacks during home confinement as well as unhealthy food such as fast food, sweets and chocolate, sugar-added drinks, and processed meat, while fruit and vegetable consumption was reduced. Very few studies reported that participants had increased fruit and vegetable intake. In conclusion, collateral effects of this pandemic include an environment that is not favorable to healthy dietary habits, which could have a lasting impact on health. The long-term health effects are unknown and worth investigating.
REFERENCES
Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020;365:470–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020 Accessed: 4 August 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg 2020;76:71-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
World Health Organization. Criteria for releasing COVID-19 patients from isolation. 2020. Accessed: 4 August 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/criteria-for-releasing-covid-19-patients-from-isolation
Hale T, Angrist N, Boby T, et al. Variation in government responses to COVID-19. Blavatnik School of Government Working Paper 2020. Available from: https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-12/BSG-WP-2020-032-v10.pdf
Ozili PK, Arun T. Spillover of COVID-19: impact on the Global Economy. 2020. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3562570 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3562570
Thomson B. The COVID-19 pandemic: A global natural experiment. Circulation 2020;142:14-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047538
Smith L, Jacob L, Trott M, et al. The association between screen time and mental health during COVID-19: A cross sectional study. Psychiatry Res 2020;292:113333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113333
Balanzá-Martínez V, et al. Lifestyle behaviours during the COVID‐19–time to connect. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020;141:399-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13177
Lee H, Lee IS, Choue R. Obesity, inflammation and diet. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2013;16:143–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2013.16.3.143
Lana RM, Coelho FC, Gomes M, et al. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emergency and the role of timely and effective national health surveillance. Cad Saude Publica 2020;36:e00019620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311×00019620
Love H, Bhullar N, Schutte NS. Psychological aspects of diet: Development and validation of three measures assessing dietary goal-desire incongruence, motivation, and satisfaction with dietary behavior. Appetite 2019;138:223–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.018
Arab A, Mehrabani S, Moradi S, Amani R. The association between diet and mood: A systematic review of current literature. Psychiatry Res 2019;271:428–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.014
Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Muller P, et al. The effect of (poly)phenol-rich interventions on cognitive functions and neuroprotective measures in healthy aging adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2020;9:835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030835
Strasser B, Gostner JM, Fuchs Dr. Mood, food, and cognition: role of tryptophan and serotonin. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016;19:55-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000237
Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Druesne-Pecollo N, Esseddik Y, et al. Diet and physical activity during the COVID-19 lockdown period (March-May 2020): results from the French NutriNet-Sante cohort study. medRxiv 2020.06.04.20121855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20121855
Basu S, Karmakar A, Bidhan V, Kumar H. Impact of lockdown due to COVID-19 outbreak: lifestyle changes and public health concerns in India. Int J Indian Psychol 2020;8:159.
Galali Y. The impact of COVID‐19 confinement on the eating habits and lifestyle changes: A cross sectional study. Food Sci Nutr 2021;9:2105-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2179
Silverio R, Gonçalves DC, Andrade MF. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and nutritional status: The missing link? Adv Nutr 2020;18:14-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa125
Papaspanos N. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Komp Nutr Diet 2021;1:19-21.
Cummings JR, Ackerman JM, Wolfson J. COVID-19 stress and eating and drinking behaviors in the United States during the early stages of the pandemic. Appetite 2021;105:34-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105163
Bonaccio M, Costanzo S, Ruggiero E, et al. Changes in ultra-processed food consumption during the first Italian lockdown following the COVID-19 pandemic and major correlates: results from two population-based cohorts. Public Health Nutr 2021;1-11. Online ahead of print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021000999
Pellegrini M, Ponzo V, Rosato R, et al. Changes in weight and nutritional habits in adults with obesity during the “lockdown” period caused by the COVID-19 virus emergency. Nutrients 2020;12:2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072016
Scarmozzino F, Visioli F. Covid-19 and the subsequent lockdown modified dietary habits of almost half the population in an Italian sample. Foods 2020;9: 675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050675
Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Cinelli G, et al. Psychological aspects and eating habits during COVID-19 home confinement: Results of EHLC-COVID-19 Italian online survey. Nutrients 2020;12:2152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072152
Sidor A, Rzymski P. Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: Experience from Poland. Nutrients 2020;12:1657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061657
Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients 2020;12:1583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000512852
Górnicka M, Drywień ME, Zielinska MA, Hamułka J. Dietary and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdowns among Polish adults: A Cross-sectional online survey PLifeCOVID-19 study. Nutrients 2020;12:2-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082324
Rodríguez-Pérez C, Molina-Montes E, Verardo V. Changes in dietary behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet study. Nutrients 2020;12:1730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730
Pietrobelli A, Pecoraro L, Ferruzzi A, et al. Effects of COVID‐19 lockdown on lifestyle behaviors in children with obesity living in Verona, Italy: a longitudinal study. Obesity (Silver Springs) 2020;28:1382-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22861
Allabadi H, Dabis J, Aghabekian V, et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on dietary and lifestyle behaviours among adolescents in Palestine. Dynam Human Health 2020;7:2170.
Ruiz-Roso MB, de Carvalho Padilha P, Mantilla-Escalante DC. Covid-19 confinement and changes of adolescent’s dietary trends in Italy, Spain, Chile, Colombia and Brazil. Nutrients 2020;12:1807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061807
Côté M, Gagnon-Girouard MP. Sabourin S. Emotion suppression and food intake in the context of a couple discussion: A dyadic analysis. Appetite 2018;120:109-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.029
Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res 2020;288;112954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;52:102-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board [Internet]. How will Covid-19 lockdown impact our eating habits? 2020. Available from: https://ahdb.org.uk/news/consumer-insight-how-will-covid-19-lockdown-impact-our-eating-habits
Verhoeven A, Adriaanse M de Vet E, et al. It’s my party and I eat if I want to. Reasons for unhealthy snacking. Appetite 2015;84:20-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.013
Touyz S, Lacey H, Hay, P. Eating disorders in the time of COVID-19. J Eat Disord 2020;8:19 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00295-3
Sinha R. Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity. Biol Psychol 2018;131:5–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001
Biddle SJH, Garcia Bengoechea E, Pedisic Z, et al. Screen time, other sedentary behaviours, and obesity risk in adults: A review of reviews. Curr Obes Rep 2017;6:134-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0256-9
Rundle AG, Park Y, Herbstman JB, et al. COVID-19 related school closings and risk of weight gain among children. Obesity 2020;28:1008-9.
Wang YC, Vine S, Hsiao A, et al. Weight‐related behaviors when children are in school versus on summer breaks: does income matter? J Sch Health 2015;85:458‐66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12274
von Hippel PT, Workman J. From kindergarten through second grade, U.S. children’s obesity prevalence grows only during summer vacations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016;24:2296‐300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21613
Rundle AG, Park Y, Herbstman JB, et al. COVID‐19–related school closings and risk of weight gain among children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020;28:1008-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22813
Opichka K, Smith C, Levine AS. Problematic eating behaviors are more prevalent in African American women who are overweight or obese than African American women who are lean or normal weight. Fam. CommunHealth 2019;42:81-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000222
Barrington WE, Beresford SAA. Eating occasions, obesity and related behaviors in working adults: Does it matter when you snack? Nutrients 2019;11:2320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102320
Larsen SC, Heitmann BL. More frequent intake of regular meals and less frequent snacking are weakly associated with lower long-term gains in body mass index and fat mass in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2019;149:824-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy326
Muscogiuri G, Pugliese G, Barrea L, et al. Obesity: The “Achilles heel” for COVID-19? Metabolism 2020;108:154251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154251
Ryan PM, Caplice NM. Is adipose tissue a reservoir for viral spread, immune activation and cytokine amplification in COVID-19. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020;28:1191-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22843
Sattar N, Mcinnes IB, McMurray JJV. Obesity is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection: multiple potential mechanisms. Circulation 2020;142:4-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047659
Malavazos AE, Corsi Romanelli MM, Bandera F, Iacobellis G. Targeting the adipose tissue in COVID‐19. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020;28:1178-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22844
Butler MJ, Barrientos RM. The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain Behav Immun 2020;87:53-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.040
Naja F, Hamadeh R. Nutrition amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-level framework for action. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020;74:1117-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0634-3
Ryan DH, Ravussin E, Heymsfield S. COVID 19 and the patient with obesity – The editors speak out. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020;28:847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22808